资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
挑战桥梁建设难关的“巾帼英雄”——记贵州公路集团总工程师张胜林******
【劳动者风采】
光明日报记者 吕慎 陈冠合
很难想象,一位看似柔弱的女子常年跋涉在人迹罕至的山川峡谷间,指挥建造起一座座巨大的桥梁。贵州公路集团总工程师张胜林就是这样一位巾帼英雄,她怀着改变家乡面貌的初心和使命,风雨无阻,矢志不渝,足迹遍布黔山贵水。
生在贵州的张胜林从小就对家乡千沟万壑、交通闭塞有着刻骨铭心的记忆,梦想着有一天能飞出大山。高考时,本来想学生物工程的她却被北京工业大学交通工程专业录取,从此就跟钢筋水泥打起了交道。
20世纪90年代初,正值北京城市交通蓬勃发展的时期,张胜林经常跟着老师和专家来到立交桥的施工现场,巨型的机械、构件,让她大开眼界。“那时我就爱上了造桥这项工作,迫不及待想把学到的知识用到家乡的建设中!”
1993年,刚毕业的张胜林作为一线技术员,参与了贵州省瓮安县江界河大桥建设。第一次去现场,为了寻找最佳的设备安装位置,她徒手爬上高梯,任务完成了,腿还在颤抖。
彼时,技术人员少之又少,张胜林一个人承担了项目测量、质检等多项工作。从底模制作、施工放样到安装模板、绑扎钢筋,再到浇筑混凝土、构件安装,每个工艺工序,她都在场。
大桥建成,张胜林坐在山岭高处,望着桥上的汽车和行人,幸福感让她忘却了时间,一坐就是几小时……江界河大桥就这样开启了她的梦想之门。
建设重庆江津观音岩长江大桥时,由于长江水流湍急,大吨位浮吊无法到达桥位区。她连续熬夜几十天,写下了一本密密麻麻的技术手册,创造出“门式浮吊拼装钢围堰施工工法”,不仅在长江上创造了一个枯水期完成深水基础施工的新纪录,还为该项目节约资金1158万元。
建设广州新光大桥时,没有可借鉴的资料,经过艰苦思索、反复试验,张胜林提出了一项新工艺——“拱肋大节段提升安装技术”,对推动行业吊装技术进步具有重大意义,该桥也获得了“詹天佑奖”和“鲁班奖”。
“赶上贵州交通发展的大好时机,我是幸运的。”张胜林说,党的十八大以来,在脱贫攻坚伟大事业的带动下,贵州高速公路、高速铁路建设进入了前所未有的繁荣期。
“我们贵州的造桥人都有创新基因,因为这里的每一座桥梁都像一件独一无二的艺术品。不仅外观造型不一样,更重要的是桥位区地形地质条件千差万别,设计施工都得拿出与众不同的方案。”
贵州大小井特大桥是世界最大跨径的上承式钢管混凝土拱桥,桥台所在山坡峰顶与河底相对高差约250米。张胜林带领团队运用大数据技术,实时数据远程自动传输、存储和报警,实现了塔架自动纠偏和索力自平衡。
在建设世界第一混凝土塔高的三塔斜拉桥——贵州平塘特大桥这一世界级工程建设及技术研究中,她组织研发了缆吊与扣挂自动化控制系统,实现了桥梁缆吊和扣挂施工智慧化和精细化施工,平塘特大桥也荣获第38届国际桥梁大会(IBC)古斯塔夫斯·林德撒尔奖。
30年来,张胜林参与和主持建造的大小桥梁不计其数,获得两项国家级工法、5项发明专利。她先后被评为全国劳动模范、全国三八红旗手、十大桥梁人物,被誉为“桥梁艺术家”“桥梁女神”“最美造桥人”。
“困难只能吓倒懦夫懒汉,而胜利永远属于敢于攀登科学高峰的人。”张胜林说,“每当遇到困难时我总用茅以升先生这句话激励自己,新时代呼唤无数迎难而上的科技工作者,我愿意成为其中一员。”
《光明日报》( 2023年01月05日 04版)
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)